The main warning signs of cancer are the following (obviously, you don't have to have all or even any of the symptoms to have cancer...but the following are common)
fever/chills/sweats
night sweats
bone pain at nighttime
unexplained weight loss
unexplained bony fractures
malaise
endocrine abnormalities (cushing's syndrome, SIADH)
Usually what happens is that the doctor will note these symptoms, and it will go along with a specific complaint related to where the cancer may be. For example, a person may be having any of the symptoms above and also be experiencing chest pain, hemoptysis or coughing. This raises questions of lung cancer...at this point the doctor will do imaging and biochemical investigations to see if (s)he can find evidence of a tumour. After this, a biopsy of the tumour must be taken and evaluated by a pathologist to see if it is malignant or not. If it is malignant, depending on the tissue type, the doctor will refer the patient on to oncology and they will decide if they need surgery and/or radiation and/or chemotherapy.
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