I fail to understand what your friend means by "more cognitive"

???
I suggest you see An ENT (Ear Nose and Throat specialist) and explain
exactly as you did in your post. It looks like a good discription so maybe you should print it so it's easier to find the words when explaining to the ENT.
The ENT will physically look at your ears, search for any physical problems and most likely send you to an audiologist.
The audiologists does the test.. charting which frequencies and tones you hear (or don't hear)
Hearing loss occurs at diff levels and you can lose some tones and frequencies and yet not loose others.
In offices, schools, and meetings people tend to speak with rather low voices.
Perhaps these are the only frequencies or tones you are missing.
In which case a hearing aid may help bring them in.
Meanwhile.. watch lips.
Seriously a person can pick up some words simply by looking.
That self tought lip reading gets easier as you do it more.
BUT the problems you are experiencing are among the veried reasons employers don't like to hire the hard of hearing.
Good luck.