Hi Matthew, and welcome to the board!
You'll always need to be careful of your back, but in time you should be able to golf again. Since you're not supposed to twist while you're fusing, please don't jump the gun. You don't want to ruin your surgery!
At only 1 month post-op, you're still very early on in your recovery. If you're able to stay off your pain meds during the day, that's great, but if you need them, don't hesitate to take them. Many of us have taken pain meds way longer than 1 month. You'll heal better if you're not in pain.
For me, 3 months was a big turning point, and again at 6 months. It really did take a full year to recover, but I did have a lot of levels done, so you'll probably feel better more quickly than I did. Being young, you'll recover more quickly, too. Just take it easy and don't rush it! It'll be so worth it!
Do you have other questions or anything more specific? We'll do our best to answer from our own experiences. Been there, done that!

Emily